What is Synonymy, What is Antonymy, What is polysemy, What is Homonymy, What is Hyponymy
April 29, 2017
Two
or more words with very closely related meanings are called synonyms. They can
often, though not always , be subtitude for each other in sentences. In the
appropriate circumstances, we can say, what was his answer? Or what
was his reply? With much the same meaning. Other common examples of
synonyms are the pairs: almost / nearly, big / large, broad / wide, buy / purchase, cab / taxi, car / automobile, Couch / sofa, freedom / libert.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
Linguistics is concerned with identifying the meaningful elements of
specific languages, for example, English words like paint and happy and affixes
like the -er of painter and the un- of unhappy. Linguistics also deals with the
meanings expressed by modulations of a speaker’s voice and the processes by
which hearers and readers relate new information to the information they
already have. Semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic
semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meanings.
Linguistic semantics is the topic of this book, but we need to limit ourselves
to the expression of meanings in a single language, English.
Semantics
has many material some of them; antonymy, synonymy, polisemy, homonymy and
hyponymy, these material will discussed
in this here. So, to get more information or explanation about it, read in here
the discussion or explanation.
B.
Formulation of problem
Based on the background of the problem about
synonymy, antonymy, homymy, n polisemy, I would like to formulate the
problem :
1. What
is Synonymy?
2. What
is Antonymy?
3. What
is polysemy?
4. What
is Homonymy?
5. What is hyponymy?
C.
Purpose
Of Study
1. To
make us know what is the Synonymy.
2. To
make us know what is the Antonymy.
3. To
make us know what is the Polysemy.
4. To
make us know what is the Homonymy
5. To make us know what is the Hyponymy
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
Synonymy
Two
or more words with very closely related meanings are called synonyms. They can
often, though not always , be subtitude for each other in sentences. In the
appropriate circumstances, we can say, what was his answer? Or what
was his reply? With much the same meaning. Other common examples of
synonyms are the pairs: almost / nearly, big / large, broad / wide, buy / purchase, cab / taxi, car / automobile, Couch / sofa, freedom / liberty.[1]
J.D Parera on his book
“Semantic theory: 2nd Edition” state that two words-which word in form
of words, phrase, or sentences that shows same meaning are called synonym or
synonymy.
Examples of synonyms are the pairs: almost / nearly, big / large, broad / wide, buy / purchase, cab / taxi, car / automobile, couch / sofa, freedom / liberty.[2]
According to Palmer, synonymy is used to
mean sameness of meaning, while the languages forms that experience And include
in part of synonymy is synonym. The definition of synonym according to
Harimurti Kridalaksana, is language form that has similar meaning in another
form; the similarity is used by word, phrase, or sentence, eventhough which was
reputed the synonym as words.[3]
We should keep in mind that the idea of
‘sameness’ of meaning used in discussing synonymy is not necessarily ‘total
sameness’. There are many occasions when one word is appropriate in a sentence,
but its synonym would be odd.
For
example, whereas the word answer fits in the sentence Sandy had only one answer correct on the
test, the word reply would sound odd. Synonymous forms may also
differ in terms of formal versus informal uses. The sentence My father purchased a large automobile
has virtually the same meaning as My dad bought a big car, with four
synonymous replacements, but the second version sounds much more casual or
informal than the first.[4]
And it quite similar with Prof. Dr. Wagiman Adisutrisno state that synonymy is
sameness of meaning which is not concerned with the conceptual meaning of
words, but relation of words which have, more or less, the same conceptual
meaning.[5]
From the experts above we can say that
synonymy is two related words that has closely meaning even it forms of words,
phrase or maybe a sentences. In madurese people if we say :
|
panatengan
|
it
has closely related meaning with “talam” it is a tools to delivered
the food or a drink in party or to our private guess
|
|
Lencak
|
have
related same meaning with “ Sanggher” lencak or sanggher is a place to
rest a while in madurese people
|
|
Sokoh
|
has
a sameness meaning with “ketthek”
eventough kettek is how locust feet called
|
Another
example are “tiang / pangpang, dhemar / tlempek, ngantang/ nganam / molaeh, sakek / nyoknyok, kek cetak / palengen.
Indonesian example of synonymy are rajin/ulet,
pintar / tangkas/ pandai, orang paling
cantik se-desa /
bunga desa.
Another
example of synonymy in english are help/
aid, player/ actor, tired / fatigue, answer / reply, buy / purchase.
Another
example of sentence in madurese people “klambih
ollenah nginjem (borrowed shirt)” is has related
meaning with “klambih koning”.
B.
Antonymy
J.D Parera state that antonymy is
interdimentional of meaning to state that two meanings or more are contradict
meaning or opposites meaning in antonymy status.[6]
Aminuddin said antonymy is form of
contradicted meaning, which form or words that have contradicted meaning called
antonym, it can be negative or positive.[7]
Two forms with opposite meanings are
called antonyms. Antonyms are usually divided into two main types, ‘gradable’
(opposites along a scale) and ‘non-gradable’ (direct opposites).
a. Gradable
antonyms, such as the pair big/small, can be used in comparative constructions like I’m bigger than you and
A pony is smaller than a horse.
Also, the negative of one member of a gradable pair does not necessarily imply
the other. For example, the sentence My car isn’t old, doesn’t
necessarily mean My car is new.
Examples
are the pairs: alive/dead, big/small,
fast/slow, happy/sad, hot/cold, long/short, male/female,
married/single, old/new, rich/poor, true/false.[8]
b. Non-gradable
antonyms (also called ‘complementary pairs’), comparative constructions are not
normally used.We don’t typically describe someone as deader or more dead than another. Also, the
negative of one member of a non-gradable pair does imply the other member. That
is, My grandparents aren’t
alive does indeed mean My
grandparents are dead. Other non-gradable antonyms in the earlier list
are the pairs: male/female, married/single
and true/false. Although we can use the ‘negative test’ to
identify non gradable antonyms in a language, we usually avoid describing one
member of an antonymous pair as the negative of the other. For example, while undress can be treated as
the opposite of dress, it
doesn’t mean ‘not dress’. It actually means ‘do the reverse of dress’. Antonyms
of this type are called reversives. Other common examples are enter/exit, pack/unpack, lengthen/shorten,
raise/lower, tie/untie.[9]
Antonymy is words that have opposites
meaning of another words. When something is positive absolutely it has
neagative as opposites. It happen too in a words in semantic study. Just for
another example we will take a words from madurese, english and Indonesian.
|
Madurese
|
Indonesian
|
English
|
|
Ondhem/terang
|
Mendung/cerah
|
Cloudy/sunny
|
|
Bheres/sakek
|
Sehat/sakit
|
Health/sick
|
|
Etotop/ebukkak
|
Ditutup/dibuka
|
Close/open
|
|
Koros/lempo
|
Kurus/gemuk
|
Thin/fat
|
|
Ondhur/detheng
|
Pergi/dating
|
Go/come
|
|
Kaluar/kadelem
|
Keluar/kedalam
|
Out/in
|
|
Berrek/demmang
|
Berat/ringan
|
Heavy/easy
|
C.
Polysemy
Wagiman Adisutrisno states that polysemy is a term to refer to a word which
has a set of different meaning which are related by extension.[10]
When we encounter two or more words with
the same form and related meanings, we have what is technically known as polysemy.
Polysemy can be defined as one form (written or spoken) having multiple
meanings that are all related by extension. Examples are the word head,
used to refer to the object on top of your body, on top of a glass of beer,
person at the top of a company or department, and many other things.[11]
According to J. D. Parera, Polysemy is a pronounce in word form that
have several meaning, but have relation between the difference meanings.[12]
The connection between form of language
with meaning tools it is called as polesemy, while word or the phrase called
polysemic.[13]
Example
of Polysemy :
Ø Back : human back, the back of a chair, the
back of a sofa, the back of a knife, the back of the hand, the back of the
head, the back football player.
Ø Foot : human foot, the foot of a bed, the
foot of a hill, the foot of mountain.
Ø Go : a man goes, a road goes, fish
goes bad soon, a machine goes, a bank goes (collapses), the man has gone (has
died).
Ø Eye : human eye, the eye of a needle,
the eye of a potato, a hook and an eye.
Ø Run : a man runs, a ship runs (goes
straight and fast), an engine runs (works), a sewing runs, life runs smoothly,
a bus runs, news runs, rivers run into the sea, works run, a story runs.
Ø Lakek
(madurese) : a gender, it show your gentle
Ø Kek
ningkek tamoninah : temonih is ……. When baby birth, it show you are fearfull.
Ø Koncok : a mountain, a blade, a knife, the earth.
Ø Bucor
: hole of water come in the roof,
holle of water out in the bathtube, holeof water come in a sack.
D.
Homonymy
When
two or more word
different (written) forms have the same pronunciation, they are described as homophones.
Common examples are bare/bear, meat/meet,
flour/flower, pail/pale, right/write, sew/so and to/too/two.[14]
We
use the term homonyms when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings, as in these
examples:
Ø Bank (of a river)
bank
(financial
institution)
Ø bat
(flying
creature)
bat (used in sports)
Ø mole
(on
skin)
mole
(small
animal)
Ø pupil
(at
school)
pupil
(in
the eye)
Ø race
(contest
of speed)
race
(ethnic
group)
The temptation is to think that the two
types of bank must be related in meaning. They are not. Homonyms are
words that have separate histories and meanings, but have accidentally come to
have exactly the same form.
According to Aminuddin, Homonymy is
several words that have same form of pronounce, but different in meaning.[15]
while Prof. Dr. D. Wagiman Adisutrisno state that Homonymy is a term to referto
one form, which is the same in both written and spoken, with two or more
unreleted meanings.[16]
Based on Teori Semantik by J. D. Parera,
homonymy is to pronounce in one form of word or how they pronounce or written.
Therefore, form of homonymy can be differ base on pronounce and written. [17]
From the explanation of the experts
above we can state that homonymy is words which is same form in pronounce or
written but have several meanings or different meanings.
E. Hyponymy
Hyponymy is when
the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another. Examples are the
pairs : animal / dog, dog / poodle, vegetable / carrot, flower / rose, tree / banyan. The
concept of “inclusion” involved in this relationship is the idea that if an
object is a rose, then it is necessarily a flower, so the meaning of flower is
included in the meaning of rose. Or, rose is a hyponym of flower.
When we consider
hyponymous connections, we are essentially looking at the meaning of words in
some type of hierarchical relationship. We can represent the relationships
between a set of words such as animal, ant, asp, banyan, carrot, cockroach,
creature, dog, flower, horse, insect, living thing, pine, plant, poodle, rose,
snake, tree and vegetable as a hierarchical diagram.
The relation of hyponymy
captures the concept of “is a kind of,” as when we give the meaning of a word
by saying, “an asp is a kind of snake.” Sometimes the only thing we know about
the meaning of a word is that it is a hyponym of another term. That is, we may
know nothing more about the meaning of the word asp other than that it is a
kind of snake or that banyan is a kind of tree. It is worth emphasizing that it
is not only words for “things” that are hyponyms. Words such as punch, shoot
and stab, describing “actions,” can all be treated as co hyponyms of the
superordinate term injure.[18]
Example:
-
Bunga/mawar
(indonesia)
-
Keben/bebih
(madura)
-
Fish/dholpin
(english)
BAB III
CLOSING
A.
Conclusion
Semantic is the study of meanning in language.
In semantic there are explanation or material antonymy, snonymy, polysemy, and
homonymy.
a.
Synonymy
is sameness of meaning which is not concerned with the conceptual meaning of
words, but relations of wods which have, more or less, the same conceptual
meaning.
Example :
-
Weak/feeble
-
pintar/tangkas/pandai
-
dhemar/
tlempek
b.
Antonymy
is oppositeness of meaning. Like synonymy, antonymy relations of word meaning.
Exmple :
-
Clean/dirty
-
Hitam/putih
-
Beres/sakek
c.
Polysemy
is a term of refer to a word which a set of different meaning which are related
by extention.
Example :
-
Foot :
human foot, the foot of a bed, the foot of a hill, the foot of mountain.
-
d.
Homonymy
is a term to refer to one form, which is the same in both written and spoken
with two o more unrelated meanings.
Example :
-
Leaf
: of a tree
Leaf : of a book
-
Bank
: tempat penyimpnan uang
-
Bang
: tukang ojek, orang jual bakso, jual pentol.
e.
Hyponymy
Hyponymy is when
the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another. Examples are the
pairs : animal/dog, dog/poodle, vegetable/ carrot, flower/rose, tree/banyan. The concept of
“inclusion” involved in this relationship is the idea that if an object is a rose,
then it is necessarily a flower, so the meaning of flower is included in the
meaning of rose. Or, rose is a hyponym of flower.
B. Suggestion
Alhamdulillah, we can finised this paper althought there
are so many mistakes in the written. And the writer hope that the reader can
understand and get an information from this paper. The
author, in this paper to realized that there are still short coming and mistakes. Both in spelling also errors another mistake. In view of
he constituent knowledge is still limited.
Therefore the authors are expecting critism, suggestion, and feedback that is
constructive to fix these papers nd papers next come.
REFERENCE
Adisutrisno
Wagiman, Semantic an Introduction to the basic concept, Yogyakarta: CV.
Andi Offset, 2008.
Aminuddin,
Mpd, Semantik Pengantarstudi Tentang Makna, Bandung: Sinar Baru
Algensindo, 2008.
Parera
J.D, Semantik Teori: Edisi Kedua,
Ciracas, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004.
Yule
George, The Study Of Languange: 3th
Ediition, United Kingdom:
Cambridge University Press, 2006.
APPENDIX
1. What
is synonymy ?
Synonymy
is two words-which word in form of words, phrase, or sentences that shows same
meaning.
2. What
is antonymy ?
antonymy
is interdimentional of meaning to state that two meanings or more are contradict
meaning or opposites meaning in antonymy status
3. What
is polysemy ?
polysemy is a term to refer to a word which
has a set of different meaning which are related by extension
4. What
is homonymy ?
Homonymy
is a term to refert o one form, which is the same in both written and spoken,
with two or more unreleted meanings
5. Mansion
the forms with opposite meanings are
called antonyms ?
Gradable
(opposites along a scale) and non-gradable (direct opposites).
6. Explain
the Gradable antonymy , and give the example!
It
be used in comparative constructions like I’m bigger than you and
A pony is smaller than a horse. Also, the negative of one member of a
gradable pair does not necessarily imply the other. For example, the sentence My
car isn’t old, doesn’t necessarily mean My car is new.
7. Explain
the non-gradable antonymy, and give the example !
Non-gradable
antonymy or comparative constructions are not normally used.We don’t typically
describe someone as deader or more dead than another. Also, the
negative of one member of a non-gradable pair does imply the other member.
Other non-gradable antonyms in the earlier list are the pairs: male/female,
married/single and true/false.
8. What
is the difference between synonymy and antonymy ?
Synonymy
is two related words, phrases, or sentences
that has closely meaning, while antonymy is words, phrases, or sentences
that have opposites meaning of another words.
9. What
is the difference between polysemy
and homonymy ?
Polysemy is a pronounce in word form that
have several meaning, but have relation between the difference meanings, while
homonymy is words which is same form in pronounce or written but have several
meanings or different meanings.
10. What are the meaning of this words “Back, eye,
and run” !
Ø Back
: human back, the back of a chair, the back of a sofa, the back of a knife, the
back of the hand, the back of the head, the back football player.
Ø Eye : human eye, the eye of a needle,
the eye of a potato, a hook and an eye.
Ø Run : a man runs, a ship runs (goes
straight and fast), an engine runs (works), a sewing runs, life runs smoothly,
a bus runs, news runs, rivers run into the sea, works run, a story runs.
11. Mansion
the meaning of this homonymy words : bank, mole, and pupil ?
Bank
(of
a river, (financial institution)
mole (on
skin, small animal)
pupil (at
school, in the eye)
12. Give
3 examples polysemy
in Madura language !
Koncok : a mountain, a blade, a knife, the
earth.
Bucor : hole of water come in the roof,
holle of water out in the bathtube, hole of water come in a sack.
Lakek : a gender, it show your gentle.
13. What
type in Non-gradable antonymy that called recessives?
the
‘negative test’ to identify non gradable antonyms in a language.
14. what the definition of homonymy according Wagiman
Adisutrisno?
Homonymy is a term to refer to one form, which is the
same in both written and spoken with two o more unrelated meanings.
15. Give
3 examples homonymy in Madura language !
[1] George Yule, The Study Of
Languange: 3th Ediition (United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006),Pgs. 104.
[2] J.D Parera, Semantik Teori:
Edisi Kedua (Ciracas, Jakarta:Erlangga,
2004), Pgs. 61.
[3] Aminuddin, Mpd, Semantik
Pengantarstudi Tentang Makn (Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo, 2008), Pgs.
115.
[4] Ibid, 104.
[5] Wagiman Adisutrisno, Semantic
an Introduction to the basic concept (Yogyakarta: CV. Andi Offset, 2008),
pgs. 31.
[6] J.D Parera, Semantik Teori:
Edisi Kedua (Ciracas, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004),
Pg. 70.
[7] Aminuddin, Mpd, Semantik
Pengantarstudi Tentang Mak (Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo, 2008 ), Pgs.
122
[8] George Yule, The Study Of
Languange: 3th Ediition( United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006),
Pgs. 104.
[9] Ibid, 105.
[10] Wagiman Adisutrisno, Semantic
an Introduction to the basic concept (Yogyakarta: CV. Andi Offset, 2008),
pgs. 33.
[11] George Yule, The Study Of
Languange: 3th Ediition( United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006),
pgs. 107.
[12] J.D Parera, Semantik Teori: Edisi
Kedua, Ciracas (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004),
Pgs. 81.
[13] Aminuddin, Mpd, Semantik
Pengantarstudi Tentang Makn (Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo, 2008), Pgs.
123.
[14] George Yule, The Study Of
Languange: 3th Ediition( United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006),
pgs. 106.
[15] Aminuddin, Mpd, Semantik
Pengantarstudi Tentang Makn (Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo, 2008), Pgs.
124.
[16] Wagiman Adisutrisno, Semantic
an Introduction to the basic concept (Yogyakarta: CV. Andi Offset, 2008),
pgs. 34.
[17] J.D Parera, Semantik Teori:
Edisi Kedua (Ciracas, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004),
Pgs. 81.
[18]
Yule
George, The Study Of Languange: 3th
Ediition, (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006),page.118